Daily Current Affairs – 26 Sep. 2025

Daily Current Affairs – 26 Sep. 2025: A Comprehensive Overview

Youth protests in Ladakh

Protests in Ladakh demanding statehood and inclusion under the Sixth Schedule escalated, when demonstrators turned violent. The clashes left four people dead and 30 others injured, prompting a massive shutdown in Leh town led by the Leh Apex Body (LAB).

Amid the unrest, climate activist Sonam Wangchuk ended his 15-day hunger strike, urging Ladakh’s youth to continue their demonstrations peacefully and safeguard the five-year-long movement pressing the Centre to act on these demands.

Root Cause of Ladakh Protests –

• The current protests in Ladakh stem from the 2019 repeal of Article 370 and the passage of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which bifurcated the erstwhile state.

• While Jammu and Kashmir became a Union Territory with a legislature, Ladakh was made a Union Territory without one, placing it under direct central administration.
• This lack of political representation and autonomy has kept Ladakh’s status contentious, fuelling long-standing discontent and the present demand for statehood and inclusion under the Sixth Schedule.

Demand for Sixth Schedule in Ladakh –

• With over 90% of Ladakh’s population belonging to Scheduled Tribes, there is a strong demand to bring the region under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
• This provision under Article 244 allows the creation of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) that govern tribal-majority areas with powers to make laws on land, forests, water, agriculture, village councils, health, sanitation, and local policing.
• Each ADC has up to 30 members with a five-year term.
  • At present, there are 10 such councils in the Northeast—three each in Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, and one in Tripura.
• Supporters argue that a similar framework in Ladakh would ensure self-governance and protection of tribal rights.

About the Sixth Schedule –

• The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution is a special provision that deals with the

administration of tribal areas in the Northeast.

• It was framed on the recommendations of the Bordoloi Committee (Sub-Committee of the Constituent Assembly on the North-East Frontier (Assam) Tribal and Excluded Areas).
• The framers recognised the distinct cultural identity and vulnerability of the tribal population in these areas and thus provided for a system of autonomous governance.
• It came into effect along with the Constitution in 1950, under Articles 244(2) and 275(1).
• Unlike the Fifth Schedule, which applies to other tribal areas of India, the Sixth Schedule provides greater autonomy through elected Autonomous Councils with legislative, judicial, and financial powers.
• These provisions are unique to the four Northeastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Provisions under the Sixth Schedule –

• Article 244(2) — Applies Sixth Schedule provisions to tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• Autonomous Districts & Regions — Tribal areas are administered as Autonomous Districts, which may be subdivided into Autonomous Regions by the Governor.
• Governor’s Powers — Can reorganise districts, alter boundaries, and rename autonomous
• District & Regional Councils — Each Autonomous District has a District Council (up to 30 members, 4 nominated by the Governor, others elected by adult suffrage).
  • Regional Councils created for distinct tribal
  •     Law-making Powers: Councils can legislate on land, forests (except reserved forests), inheritance, customary laws and money-lending/trading by outsiders
  • All such laws require the Governor’s assent.

• Administration of Justice: Councils can establish Village and District Council Courts for disputes where both parties are tribals.
  • Jurisdiction excludes serious crimes (punishable with death or imprisonment for over 5 years).
• Revenue & Resource Control — Councils can levy taxes, collect land revenue, and regulate
• mineral extraction.

•     Local Administration — Councils manage primary schools, dispensaries, markets, roads, fisheries, transport, and waterways.

• Parliament/State Laws — Apply only with exceptions or modifications in these
• Governor’s Commission — Can review and report on the administration of autonomous

Immediate demands behind Leh protest –

• LAB’s Immediate Demands — The Leh Apex Body (LAB), whose youth wing called for the September 24 protest, demanded an urgent meeting with the central government as members had been on a hunger strike since September 10.
• Government’s Response — The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) announced that the next round of talks would be held on October 6, noting that the last meeting took place in May.
• LAB’s Objection — LAB leaders rejected the October date as “dictation” while their members were still They insisted on an immediate agreement before ending the protest.
• Rising Tensions — LAB warned that while the protest was peaceful, growing impatience among people risked spiraling out of control, eventually sparking violent clashes in Leh.

•     Government’s Position —

• The MHA has agreed to discuss only the service commission and Lok Sabha seat demands, rejecting statehood and resisting Sixth Schedule inclusion due to its wider ramifications.

Core Demands of Ladakh Protest –

• Since Ladakh became a Union Territory (UT) in 2019, residents have rallied around a four-point agenda:
  • Statehood for Ladakh to ensure self-governance beyond UT
  • Inclusion under the Sixth Schedule to safeguard tribal
  • A separate public service commission to address high
  • Twoparliamentary seats instead of one, to increase representation at the

Unemployment Concerns –

• Youth discontent is driven by high joblessness, with 26.5% of Ladakh graduates unemployed, compared to the national average of 13.4%.
• This has fuelled calls for a separate service commission and 95% job reservation for Ladakhis, reportedly discussed with the MHA in 2024.

Possible Way Forward in Ladakh –

• A short-term solution to Ladakh’s statehood demand appears unlikely due to India’s strategic need for unfettered access in the border region with China.
• The Centre fears statehood could complicate troop movements and infrastructure
• Protests are therefore expected to continue, with the LAB and KDA intensifying pressure.
• A possible compromise could involve expanding the powers of Hill Councils, alongside
• special job and land ownership reservations for locals.

• In return, protest groups may need to set aside statehood demands and accept Ladakh’s status as a Union Territory, at least for now.

Personality Rights

The Delhi High Court has recently expanded protection of personality rights for Bollywood stars against unauthorised use of their images, voices, and likeness.

The court granted relief to Aishwarya Rai Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan, following complaints of AI-generated misuse.

Earlier, Amitabh Bachchan, Anil Kapoor, and Jackie Shroff had secured such safeguards. This growing series of petitions marks a significant judicial shift in recognising and enforcing personality rights in India’s digital era.

Protection of Personality Rights in India –

  •      Personality rights protect an individual’s name, likeness, image, voice, signature, and other unique traits from unauthorised commercial use.

• Though not codified under a single statute, they are safeguarded through judicial precedents and common law doctrines of privacy, defamation, and publicity rights.
• Courts can grant injunctions, damages, or takedown orders to prevent misuse in ads, merchandise, AI-generated content, or digital platforms.

•      Statutory Safeguards —

• Protection is dispersed across intellectual property
• Under the Copyright Act, 1957, performers enjoy exclusive rights (Section 38A) and moral rights (Section 38B) to control reproduction and object to distortion of their work.
• The Trade Marks Act, 1999 allows celebrities to register names, signatures, or catchphrases as trademarks — a step taken by actors like Shah Rukh Khan, Priyanka Chopra, Ajay Devgn, and Amitabh
• Additionally, the common law tort of “passing off” (Section 27) safeguards goodwill from misrepresentation or false endorsement, though it requires proof of reputation before courts grant relief.

•   Constitutional Backing —

• Personality rights are rooted in Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees autonomy and privacy.
• While celebrities may authorise the use of their identity in films, ads, or campaigns, unauthorised use — such as printing images on merchandise or creating AI deepfakes — strips them of control and compromises dignity and

Court Rulings on Personality Rights in India –

• The jurisprudence on personality rights in India began with the 1994 Supreme Court judgment in Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu.
• The Court upheld an individual’s right to control their identity, grounding it in the constitutional right to privacy.
• In 2015, the Madras High Court strengthened the doctrine in a case involving actor

Rajinikanth.

• It ruled that infringement occurs even without proof of falsity, confusion, or deception if the celebrity is identifiable, thereby protecting him against unauthorised commercial use of his name, image, and style.

• The Delhi High Court has since played a pivotal role in addressing new threats posed by
  • In 2023, it granted Anil Kapoor broad protection over his persona, barring online misuse of his name, likeness, and catchphrase “jhakaas.”
  • HC clarified that free speech allows parody and criticism but not commercial exploitation or tarnishment of reputation.
  • In 2024, the same court protected Jackie Shroff’s personality rights against misuse by e- commerce platforms and AI chatbots.
• Later, in 2023, the Bombay High Court upheld Arijit Singh’s rights in a landmark ruling against AI voice cloning.
  • The court condemned the unauthorised creation of artificial recordings, warning of the dangers generative AI poses to performers’ dignity and control over their identity.

Balancing Personality Rights and Free Expression –

• While courts in India have expanded protection of personality rights, they have also emphasised the need to balance them with Article 19(1)(a).
• Article 19 guarantees freedom of speech, including criticism, parody, and satire of public figures.
• In DM Entertainment Ltd. v. Baby Gift House (2010), the Delhi High Court granted relief against unauthorised commercial exploitation of singer Daler Mehndi’s likeness.
• However, it cautioned that parodies, caricatures, and lampooning would not ordinarily violate publicity rights.
• This balance was reaffirmed in Digital Collectibles PTE v. Galactus Funware Technology Pvt. Ltd. (2023), involving the unauthorised use of sports stars’ likenesses.
• The Court ruled that publicity rights cannot override free expression, especially when material is already in the public domain.
• It clarified that legitimate uses of celebrity names or images — such as satire, art, scholarship, news, and music — fall under free speech and do not amount to

Concerns Around Personality Rights in India –

• Experts highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive legislative framework to regulate personality rights, as current enforcement relies heavily on fragmented judicial precedents.
• Without a clear regulatory regime, responses remain ad hoc and risk blurring the line between artistic freedom and infringement.
• Clear exceptions must be established to prevent misuse of personality rights as a tool for
• Experts also stress that personality rights are not exclusive to
• Ordinary citizens, particularly women, face disproportionate harm through deepfakes, impersonation, and revenge pornography.
• While courts often direct governments to block such harmful content, the sheer volume of violations makes consistent enforcement extremely difficult.

Capacity Building and Human Resource Development Scheme

Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research / Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR/CSIR) Scheme on “Capacity Building and Human Resource Development” for the period of the Fifteenth Finance Commission Cycle 2021-22 to 2025-26.

About Capacity Building and Human Resource Development Scheme –

• It is implemented by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
• It will cover all R&D institutions, national laboratories, Institutes of National Importance, Institutes of Eminence and Universities across the country.
• It provides a wide platform for young, enthusiastic researchers aspiring to build careers in universities, industry, national R&D laboratories, and academic institutions.
• It is guided by eminent scientists and professors and will foster growth in Science, Technology & Engineering, Medical, and Mathematical Sciences (STEMM).

•      It has four sub-schemes such as —

• Doctoral and Postdoctoral Fellowships
• The Extramural Research Scheme, the Emeritus Scientist Scheme, and the Bhatnagar Fellowship programme
• Promotion and Recognition of Excellence through the Award Scheme; and
• Promoting knowledge sharing throughthe Travel and Symposia Grant Scheme

• Significance — It plays an important role in the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the S&T sector in India by increasing the researchers per million population.

Perovskite Solar Cells

Swedish scientists at Chalmers University of Technology have used AI-enhanced simulations to solve the long-standing puzzle of halide perovskite instability.

About Perovskite Solar Cell (PSC) –

• A Perovskite Solar Cell (PSC) is a type of thin-film photovoltaic device that uses perovskite- structured compounds (ABX₃) as the light-absorbing active layer.

•    Perovskite Material —

• Named after the mineral Calcium Titanium Oxide (CaTiO₃).
• General chemical formula: ABX₃, where ‘A’ and ‘B’ are cations and ‘X’ is an anion.
• In solar tech, it usually refers to metal halide perovskites: hybrid organic–inorganic compounds with a metal cation (Pb²⁺, Sn²⁺), halide anion (I⁻, Br⁻, Cl⁻), and organic cation (methylammonium, formamidinium).

•     Advantages —

• High power conversion efficiency (PCE) (over 25% in labs).
• Thin, lightweight, and flexible → can be applied on windows, buildings, smartphones, and vehicles.
• Low-cost fabrication compared to energy-intensive silicon
• Potential use in tandem solar cells with silicon for even higher

• Efficiency Potential — It is known for high light absorption, excellent charge transport, and bandgap tunability and also achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 25%, comparable to silicon cells.

Recently, UNESCO has placed the Varkala Cliff on its tentative list of World Heritage Sites.

About Varkala Cliff –

• It is a beautiful natural formation located in Varkala, a coastal town in Thiruvananthapuram

district of Kerala.

• This cliff along Kerala’s coastline exposes the Warkalli Formation of the Mio-Pliocene age (13 lakh to 2.5 crore years ago), along with natural springs and striking erosional landforms, offering both scientific and touristic value.
• It is locally called Sivagiri
• Its laterite and sedimentary layers hold fossils and traces of ancient
• The Papanasam Beach, located at the base of the cliff, is revered for its natural springs and believed to have therapeutic properties.
• It is a crucial aquifer and natural water harvesting system for coastal communities, hosts unique biodiversity in its microhabitat, and supports underwater reefs essential for local fishing
• It is the 27th national geological monument in the country and the second in Kerala after the Angadipuram Laterite.

K Visa

Recently, China has introduced a new visa category called the “K Visa” aimed at attracting foreign science and technology talent.

About the K Visa –

• The K Visa is a new category of Chinese visa created by revising the Regulations on the Administration of the Entry and Exit of Foreigners.
• It comes into effect from October 1, 2025.
• It is aimed at attracting foreign youth and professionals in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics)
• Eligible applicants include graduates from renowned universities or research institutions with a bachelor’s degree or higher, as well as professionals engaged in STEM-related teaching and research.
• Compared to existing visas, the K Visa offers —
  • Greaterflexibility in entry frequency and validity
  • Expanded scope of activities (education, science, technology, culture, entrepreneurship, business).
  • No requirement for local enterprise sponsorship.

Central Water Commission (CWC)

The Central Water Commission (CWC) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti organised a virtual workshop on the theme “Technology for Efficient Water Management” as part of the Sujalam Bharat Summit (2025).

About Central Water Commission (CWC) –

• It is a premier technical organisation in water resources under the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• Headquarters — New Delhi

•      Functions —

• It formulates & coordinates schemes for flood control, irrigation, drinking water, navigation and hydropower.
• It also conducts investigations, construction and implementation of water

•      Structure —

• CWC is headed by a Chairman (Ex-Officio Secretary, GoI).
• Three wings: Designs & Research (D&R), River Management (RM), and Water Planning & Projects (WP&P).
• NationalWater Academy, Pune trains engineers from central & state

About Sujalam Bharat Summit (2025) –

• The Sujalam Bharat Summit is a national initiative led by the Ministry of Jal Shakti and coordinated by NITI Aayog, focusing on water management, sanitation, and sustainable practices.
• It aims to bring grassroots perspectives into national policy-making, aligning with the vision of the Prime Minister.
• A series of six Departmental Summits has been planned to gather feedback from the field on the impact and challenges of water-related policies.

Venezuela

Recently, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, a 6.2-magnitude earthquake jolted northwest Venezuela.

About Venezuela –

• It is located on the northern coast of South
• Land Boundaries — It is bounded by Guyana to the east, Brazil to the south, and Colombia to the southwest and west.
• Maritime boundaries — It shares a border with the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the North.
• Terrain — Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
• Major Rivers — Rio Negro (shared with Colombia and Brazil) and Orinoco (shared with Colombia).
• Major Lakes — Lake Guri and Lake Maracaibo (the largest lake in South America).
• Venezuela administers a number of Caribbean islands and archipelagos, among which are Margarita Island, La Blanquilla, La Tortuga, Los Roques, and Los Monjes.
• Highest Point — Pico Bolivar
• The world’s highest waterfall – the Andes Mountains Angel Falls is located in the Guiana
• Resources — Venezuela is home to the world’s largest oil reserves as well as huge quantities of coal, iron ore, bauxite, and gold.
• Capital — Caracas

Tripura Sundari Temple

Recently, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated newly developed infrastructure and beautification works at the Tripura Sundari Temple complex at Udaipur in Tripura.

About Tripura Sundari Temple –

• Location — It is located in the
• Built by — It was established in 1501 D. by Maharaja Dhanya Manikya of Tripura Kingdom
• It holds a distinguished place among the 51 Shakti Peethas.
• It is fondly known as Matabari, is one of the most sacred landmarks of Northeast India. It is also revered as Kurma Pith, for its base shaped like the hump of a tortoise.

•     Architecture of Tripura Sundari Temple —

• Its square plan and sloping roof echo the style of rural Bengal huts, blending local aesthetics with spiritual symbolism.
• Within the sanctum rest two idols—the principal deity, Goddess Tripura Sundari, and an idol, smaller in size, known as Chhoto-Ma or Goddess Chandi are worshipped.
• The smaller idol once held special significance for the Tripura kings, who carried it on hunting expeditions and into battles.
• It is celebrated as a symbol of syncretism, it unites Shaktism, Vaishnavism, and diverse communities, with Hindus, Muslims, and tribal groups all participating in its rituals.

Communication Security Certification Scheme

Recently, the National Centre for Communication Security (NCCS) has designated M/s Compliance International Pvt. Ltd., Noida as a Telecom Security Testing Laboratory (TSTL) for testing IP Routers under the Communication Security Certification (ComSec) Scheme.

About Communication Security Certification Scheme –

• It is applicable for Security Certification of all telecommunication equipment for which Mandatory Testing and Certification of Telecom Equipment (MTCTE) applies.
• This scheme falls under broader ‘Mandatory Testing and Certification of Telecom Equipment (MTCTE)’, rules notified in September 2017.
• These rules have now been superseded by Telecommunications (Framework to Notify Standards, Conformity Assessment and Certification) Rules, 2025.
• It mandates every OEM/importer/dealer who wishes to sell, import or use any telecom equipment in India, shall have to get their equipment security tested and certified under this
• It is also be applicable to such other Telecom Equipment, Hardware, Software or System as notified by the Government.
• Implementing agency: National Centre for Communication Security (NCCS) is responsible for implementation of this scheme.

•     Scheme mainly comprises of three major activities —

• Development of country specific Security assurance standards called Indian Telecom Security Assurance Requirements (ITSAR) for every Telecom
• Designation of third-party Telecom Security Test Laboratories (TSTL) meeting the specified requirements.
• The Designated TSTLs will be responsible for carrying out the security testing of telecom equipment as per ITSAR’s requirements
• Evaluation and Certification of the telecom equipment against ITSAR by NCCS.

Combined Operational Review and Evaluation Programme

The Combined Operational Review and Evaluation (CORE) Programme is being organised by Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQ IDS) in New Delhi.

About Combined Operational Review and Evaluation Programme –

• It serves as a unique platform for civil-military engagement on national security.
• Organisations involved — It brings together senior officers of the Indian Armed Forces along with officers from the ministries of Defence, External Affairs, and Home
• Organised by — Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff
• Theme — The themes of CORE include evolving regional and global security challenges like—
• the impact of technological transformation on the nature of warfare,
• the importance of strategic communication, and the growing need for enhanced synergy between civil and military stakeholders in addressing complex and multidimensional threats.

•      Features of CORE Programme —

• This programme will provide comprehensive exposure to contemporary national and regional security issues through insightful interactions with distinguished subject matter experts and renowned professionals from diverse fields.
• It is designed to enhance strategic awareness and equip participating officers with fresh perspectives, enabling them to make pragmatic, well-informed, and balanced decisions in their future leadership roles.

Daily Current Affairs – 26 September 2025 MCQs

1.   Which of the following statement(s) is/are not correct about the ‘Sixth Schedule of the Constitution’?

1. The sixth schedule mentioned under Article 244 of the Constitution provides for the formation of autonomous district councils.
2. These autonomous district councils are completely independent except in case of foreign affairs, defence and communication.
3. These councils can have up to 30 members with a term of five years.

Select the correct codes from below –

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 3 only
4. None of the above

Answer – B

Explanation – The Sixth Schedule under Article 244 provides for the formation of autonomous administrative divisions — Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) — that have some legislative, judicial, and administrative autonomy within a state. ADCs have up to 30 members with a term of five years, and can make laws, rules and regulations with regard to land, forest, water, agriculture, village councils, health, sanitation, village– and town-level policing, inheritance, marriage and divorce, social customs and mining, etc. The Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam is an exception with more than 40 members and the right to make laws on 39 issues. The Sixth Schedule applies to the Northeastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram (three Councils each), and Tripura (one Council).

2.  Which of the following statements regarding ‘personality rights’ is correct?

1. Personality rights are a category of rights that protect an individual’s privacy and the commercial value of their persona.
2. Personality rights are derived from the fundamental right to life and personal liberty enshrined in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
3. The Supreme Court of India has recognised the right to publicity as a subset of personality rights.
4. All of the

Answer – D

Explanation – Personality rights refer to the rights that protect an individual’s privacy, reputation, and the commercial value of their persona or identity. These rights are derived from the fundamental right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has recognised the right to publicity as a subset of personality rights, which allows individuals to control the commercial exploitation of their name, image, likeness, or other aspects of their identity. This right aims to prevent unauthorised use of an individual’s persona for commercial purposes without their consent.

3.  Consider the following statements regarding Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) –

1. They are named after the mineral calcium titanium oxide, which has a specific crystalline structure.
2. The ‘A’ cation in the general ABX₃ formula of the light-absorbing layer is always an organic molecule.
3. Their power conversion efficiency in laboratory settings has already surpassed 25%.

Select the correct codes from below –

1. 1 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. All of the above

Answer – C

Explanation – A Perovskite Solar Cell (PSC) is a type of thin-film photovoltaic device that uses perovskite-structured compounds (ABX₃) as the light-absorbing active layer. Perovskite Material — Named after the mineral Calcium Titanium Oxide (CaTiO₃). General chemical formula: ABX₃, where ‘A’ and ‘B’ are cations and ‘X’ is an anion. In solar tech, it usually refers to metal halide perovskites: hybrid organic–inorganic compounds with a metal cation (Pb²⁺, Sn²⁺), halide anion (I⁻, Br⁻, Cl⁻), and organic cation (methylammonium, formamidinium). Advantages — High power conversion efficiency (PCE) (over 25% in labs). Thin, lightweight, and flexible → can be applied on windows, buildings, smartphones, and vehicles. Low-cost fabrication compared to energy- intensive silicon processing. Potential use in tandem solar cells with silicon for even higher efficiency. Efficiency Potential — It is known for high light absorption, excellent charge transport, and bandgap tunability and also achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 25%, comparable to silicon cells.

4.  Consider the following statements regarding the Varkala Cliff –

1. It is a geological formation that exposes rocks dating back to the Mio-Pliocene age.
2. It is recognised as a National Geological Monument by the Geological Survey of India.
3. The cliff formation acts as a crucial aquifer and supports underwater reefs important for local fisheries.
4. It is the first national geological monument to be declared in the state of Kerala.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 1, 2 and 3 only
3. 2, 3 and 4 only
4. All of the above

Answer – B

Explanation – It is a beautiful natural formation located in Varkala, a coastal town in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala. This cliff along Kerala’s coastline exposes the Warkalli Formation of the Mio-Pliocene age (13 lakh to 2.5 crore years ago), along with natural springs and striking erosional landforms, offering both scientific and touristic value. It is locally called Sivagiri Thuruthu. Its laterite and sedimentary layers hold fossils and traces of ancient climates. The Papanasam Beach, located at the base of the cliff, is revered for its natural springs and believed to have therapeutic properties. It is a crucial aquifer and natural water harvesting system for coastal communities, hosts unique biodiversity in its microhabitat, and supports underwater reefs essential for local fishing communities. It is the 27th national geological monument in the country and the second in Kerala after the Angadipuram Laterite.

5.   Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about the Central Water Commission (CWC) of India?

1. The CWC was established under the Ministry of Jal Shakti in 1945 to address water-related challenges.
2. It is responsible for the scientific planning and management of water resources, including river basin studies and flood forecasting.
3. The CWC primarily focuses on telecommunications infrastructure and rural development projevcts.
4. The CWC monitors and assesses water resources, develops water-related projects, and manages flood control measures.

Select the correct codes from below –

1. 1, 2 and 3 only
2. 2, 3 and 4 only
3. 1, 2 and 4 only
4. 1, 3 and 4 only

Answer – C

Explanation – The Central Water Commission (CWC) was established under the Ministry of Jal Shakti in 1945 to address water-related challenges. The CWC is responsible for the scientific planning and management of water resources, including river basin studies and flood forecasting. The CWC does not focus on telecommunications infrastructure and rural development projects; rather, its primary focus is on monitoring and assessing water resources, developing water-related projects, and managing flood control measures. The CWC’s mandate includes monitoring and assessing water resources, developing water-related projects, and managing flood control measures.

Source – The Hindu

Also read Daily Current Affairs – 25 September 2025 | Top News